Journal of Material Science and Nanotechnology

ET Elmas (2025) Kitchen Hood Design & Manufacturing Project 3D Modeling, Engineering Calculations, and Technical Drawings for Igdir University Medico Social Building Dining Hall”. Matsci Nano J 1(1): 102.

This study explains the design & manufacturing project calculations and drawings prepared for the Kitchen Hood to be placed in the dining hall of Iğdır University Medico Social Building. The engineering calculations of the project and the general project design have been made by Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS and the project technical drawings have been realized by the first and second-year students who study at the Division of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Department of Automotive Technology, at Vocational School of Higher Education for Technical Sciences of Iğdır University, Turkey, under the supervision, management, control, and approval of Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS.

In addition to the fact that it is important for our Automotive Technology students to work on such a project for their own academic development, it is obviously very clear that this project is a very useful practice project for those students and will contribute greatly to their scientific and technical achievements.

As a general overview of the article; since the existing kitchen hood and aspirator system in the dining hall located at the Mediko Social Building were insufficient to control food odors and smoke, it became necessary to build a new hood and suction system. The engineering calculations have been done manually and a specific drawing software and design program were used for 3D modeling and technical drawings. The kitchen hood is designed to be manufactured in two pieces. These pieces will be assembled on-site. AISI 304 Quality Stainless Steel Sheet will be used as the body material of the kitchen hood. The wall thickness of the plate material is 1mm.  The total Stainless-Steel Sheet material to be used is 30 m2 in surface area and 240 kg in weight.  The Ceiling Connection Detail: To be fixed to the ceiling with dowels. An axial aspirator having a suction capacity of 40.000 m3/h will be used. The electric motor will be frequency-controlled to allow precise suction flow adjustment. The general photographs for the existing kitchen hood and also for the one to be manufactured for the dining hall are given and the 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of the kitchen hood and aspirator system are given and the technical design drawings also produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system are given in the figures mentioned within the article [1-23].

For kitchen ventilation, the forced ventilation system is used in kitchens when thermal flow is not sufficient for ventilation. In a forced ventilation system, kitchen ventilation is performed by exhausting the operation areas. Controlled air supply should be made to the environment in an amount close to the amount of exhaust air. As can be understood from here, at least two elements are needed in a forced kitchen ventilation system [11,12].

Kitchen ventilation systems consist of the following elements; 

• Exhaust Systems
• Hood
• Duct and Chimney
• Aspirator
• Fresh Air Systems
• Air Filter
• Fan
• Duct and terminal units

Since there are pollutants and odors in kitchen exhaust air, it is very important to prevent their unintentional spread. In order to prevent this unintentional spread, both exhaust collection and fresh air distribution from kitchens should be done very carefully and delicately and the exhaust points and the kitchen should be kept under negative pressure [11,12].

Kitchen Hood:

The airflow generated during the cooking process in kitchens contains a large amount of oil and similar pollutants. The equipment used to collect these pollutants, odors, waste heat, and moisture generated during cooking processes in the kitchen for disposal or filtering is called a hood [11,12].

Industrial Kitchen Hood:

Hoods placed above kitchen appliances are used to quickly extract smoke and steam. A sufficiently large collection area (hood height of at least 0.4 m) must be provided. The volume of the collection area must be sufficiently large and, in any case, large enough to accommodate the volume of air drawn in per second. The design and structure of kitchen extraction hoods must have an overflow of at least 0.2 m around the kitchen appliance [11,12].

Hood selection is one of the most important stages of the kitchen ventilation and air conditioning system. A correctly selected hood solves many problems such as odor, noise, and environmental pollution in kitchen ventilation and air conditioning, while providing significant savings in the initial investment and operation of the kitchen ventilation and air conditioning system. A correctly selected hood minimizes fire risks, allows for the proper installation of the fire control and extinguishing system, and ensures the safety of life and property [11,12].

Kitchen hoods should be made of a material that does not corrode and can be easily cleaned for health reasons. For this reason, they are mostly made of stainless steel. They are usually made of AISI 304 quality stainless steel, but it is recommended to use AISI 316 quality stainless steel in kitchens where high flame work is done. Galvanized sheet hoods are generally suitable for use outside the food sector [11,12].

Hood Elements:

Hoods must have certain elements in order to perform kitchen ventilation. The main elements that must be present in the exhaust ventilation system for a classic hood are as follows:

• Exhaust Air
• Aspirator System
• Aspirator Motor
• Hood Filter
• Aspirator Filter

The main elements in High Performance Hoods are;

• Exhaust Air
• Aspirator System
• Aspirator Motor
• Hood Filter
• Aspirator Filter
• Fresh Air
• Recovery Air
• Dust Filter
• Coarse Filter

Hoods consist of the following sections to fulfill their functions;

Hood Exhaust Filter Systems

• Condensation Pans
• Lighting Elements
• Duct and Connection Elements

Hood Exhaust Filter Systems:

The particles found in the exhaust air of a kitchen hood are mainly oil, soot, and soot. These particles are dangerous because they have the ability to accumulate on the duct surface. Therefore, these particles must be kept in the hood first. Therefore, filtering the exhausted air is very important in this respect. The elements that clean the particles in the air in order to ensure exhaust air quality are called filters. Filters are given various names depending on the place of use, purpose of use, and method of use. Filters have different particle retention capabilities (efficiencies) depending on the place of use and purpose. For example, grease filters used in hoods usually have an efficiency value of around 60-65%. When filtration is required above this value, it is necessary to use filters of different types and efficiencies together. Some types of filters are of a type that will prevent flame formation in the exhaust duct. There should be covers or similar equipment in the duct between the filter and the hood that can be cleaned when necessary [11,12].

Exhaust filters used in hoods and kitchen ventilation:

Mesh Filters: 

They are the simplest filters used in hoods. Filtration efficiency is medium (capture efficiency for 10µm particles is approximately 50%). The purpose of use is to prevent any large particles from escaping into the exhaust duct. They have partial moisture and oil retention properties. They are usually produced from 3-5 mm spaced wire mesh. The material can be stainless steel or aluminum. They are used in 1-2 layers to increase moisture retention ability. Pressure drops are initially low, but increase with use and can become completely clogged. Variable pressure loss also negatively affects the hood suction speed. Therefore, they should be cleaned frequently. Another risk of working with a dirty filter is that it can cause fire when it comes into contact with a flame during cooking [11,12].

Baffle Filters: 

Baffle filters are one of the most commonly used filter types in hoods. Their efficiency is lower than mesh filters (capture efficiency for 10µm particles is approximately 30%). They are designed for applications where light oil particles are formed. In these filters, the exhaust air passes through aluminum or stainless-steel curtains. The oil particle rotates with the exhaust air due to its momentum and hits the plate [11,12].

Manufacturers have their own winged filter structures. The pressure drops and particle-holding capabilities of winged filters vary according to their structures. The material can usually be stainless steel or aluminum. They are an economical filter type. They have flame-retardant properties. Pollution does not change the pressure drops too much [11,12].

Cyclone Filters:

Used in kitchens where oil and steam are very dense. It has a flame retardant feature. It prevents the flame from reaching the oil-accumulated parts of the hood. It has a non-clogging design. They create a constant and low-pressure loss in the system. It is easy to clean. It is made entirely of stainless material. Their particle retention ability is very high (capture efficiency for 10µm particles is approximately 95%) [11,12].

Filters That Improve Outdoor Air Quality: 

In kitchen ventilation, outdoor air quality is important in situations where; Fresh air intake points are close to exhaust air, The exhaust point is close to residential and living centers, and Dominant winds in the region are likely to drag exhaust air to residential and living points, Exhaust air has a polluting effect on the environment, Exhaust air cannot be discharged outside, and in such cases, outdoor air is conditioned (cleaned) in terms of particles, oil, odor, moisture, and heat and exhausted in a controlled manner. The filter types used in such applications are as follows [11,12].

Duct and Connection Elements:

Exhaust Air Ducts:

Exhaust air ducts provide the connection between the hood and the aspirator in the kitchen ventilation system. Exhaust ducts should not open to any environment, but should only open to the outside environment. It is recommended that these ducts be made of 1.2 mm stainless steel or 1.6 mm galvanized steel material. If the exhaust duct connections are welded muffed or flanged, the clip connections and corner connections should be made well. In the connection points of flange or muffed ducts, sealing should be provided with Teflon or silicone-based fire-resistant gaskets for a certain period of time. Flames should not pass into the exhaust ducts. Flexible ducts and fire dampers should never be used in exhaust connections. Exhaust ducts may need to be isolated due to reasons such as passing through air-conditioned spaces or condensation. In this case, insulation should definitely be done from the outside. There should be bird wire at the points where the exhaust ducts open to the atmosphere. It is recommended that the exhaust ducts exit the hood velocities be 5-7 m/s, in collection ducts 6-8 m/s, and in main ducts 9-10 m/s. If air adjustment dampers are used in exhaust ducts, oil collection chambers should be used and these chambers should have discharge mechanisms. Exhaust ducts should have duct control and cleaning covers [11,12].

Recovery Air Ducts for High-Performance Hoods:

Recovery air ducts provide the connection between the hood and the outdoor air fan in the kitchen ventilation system. Recovery ducts should take the outdoor air directly from the atmosphere. In cases of necessity, a hygienic exhaust air can be used. (For example; The hood outlet of a tea or coffee machine can be used as recovery air in a high-performance hood or recovery air can be taken from a zone with good hygienic conditions) [11,12].

Recovery air ducts should be made of a material with a thickness suitable for the ventilation duct rules. They are usually made of galvanized steel or stainless steel for aesthetic reasons. Recovery duct connections can be bell-shaped or flanged. If flanged, the connections of the clips and corner connections should be well made. Flexible ducts can be used in recovery air connections in cases of necessity. The flexible duct used in cases of necessity should be kept as short as possible. In case of a flexible connection, it is recommended that this connection be made away from the hoods [11,12].

The inlets of the recovery air ducts must be subjected to two-stage filtration. There must be bird wire at the points where they open to the atmosphere. The air velocities entering the hood must not exceed 3-5 m/s. It is recommended that the velocities be 5-7 m/s in the distributor ducts and 6-9 m/s in the main ducts. It is recommended that air adjustment dampers be used in the recovery ducts. The recovery ducts must not pass through very hot areas. If these ducts pass through humid areas or air-conditioned spaces, it is recommended that they be insulated from the outside. It is useful for the recovery ducts to have duct control and cleaning covers [11,12].

Exhaust Fans and Motors: Exhaust fans should be used in hoods if the exhaust is forced. Exhaust fans are divided into two types in terms of their structure: duct-type exhaust fans and cell-type exhaust fans. There should be some common features in both types of exhaust fans and motors;

• Fan motors should not be cooled with exhaust air. They should not be in the exhaust airflow.
• They should preferably be mixed flow or radial fans.
• In the case of using radial fans, they should be of the backward curved blade or straight blade type.
• In the case of using a radial fan aspirator, there should be a drainage hole in the volute [1-23].

Simple Hood Calculation: The hood air flow rate is calculated according to the size of the installed hood and the type of operation performed. However, as the name suggests, this calculation is an approximate calculation and should be used to obtain rough values in the preliminary stages of the project. When determining the hood capture speed, the hood perimeter cross-sectional area and the hood inlet cross-sectional area should be considered and
the smaller one should be taken. Various standards determine the air flow rate to be exhausted from the hood in the minimum and maximum ranges depending on the structure, type and size of the hood. The value to be determined for this determined flow rate range depends on the installation location of the hood, the nature of the operation performed under the hood, and the operating time of the kitchen. Some of the factors determined above are used to find the air flow rate[11,12]. Things to Know for Design:The following data must be known for the design and operation of ventilation and air conditioning systems in kitchens
• Type of Kitchen,
• Number of dishes prepared per unit of time
• Working Time
• Space Geometry,
• Type of cooking appliances and their connected loads,
• Installation and dimensions of appliances,
• Simultaneous use of appliances (same use factor) must be known[11,12].

Practical Hood Calculation-1:

                                                          V=L x W x v x 3600

V= Hood Air Flow (m3/h), L= Hood Length (m), W= Hood Width, v= Air Speed (m/s). (If a double-walled hood is to be used, the value found is multiplied by 0.7.)[11], [12]

Practical Hood Calculation-2:

                                                       Q = 2 × h1 × U × v × 3600

Q = Flow rate (m³/h), h= Distance between Hood and Oven (h1), v = Flow rate at the hood mouth (m/s), U = Surroundings of the hood (m)[11,12].

*The height of the hood from the floor should be 2.1 m max.
(h2)
*The speed at the edges of the hood can be taken as 0.3 – 0.4
m/sec.
*The edges coming to the wall are not taken into account when
calculating the perimeter.
*It is not recommended for the hood flow rate to exceed 40 air
changes in the kitchen when vacuuming[11,12].

The general photographs for the existing kitchen hood and also for the one to be manufactured for the dining hall can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1: The general photograph for the existing kitchen hood and also for the one to be manufactured in the dining hall.

Figure 2: The general photograph for the existing kitchen hood and also for the one to be manufactured in the dining hall.

The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for the manufacturing of the kitchen hood and aspirator system are given in (Figure 3 to Figure 15), and the technical design drawings also produced by the project team for the manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system are given in Figure 16 and Figure 17 [1-23].

Figure 3: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 4: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 5: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 6: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 7: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 8: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 9: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 10: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 11: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 12: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 13:The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 14: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

  
Figure 15: The 3D Model Design drawings with actual dimensions produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 16: The technical design drawings also produced by the project team for manufacturing of the kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Figure 17: The technical design drawings also produced by the project team for manufacturing of kitchen hood and aspirator system.

Since the existing kitchen hood and aspirator system in the dining hall located at the Mediko Social Building were insufficient to control food odors and smoke, it became necessary to build a new hood and suction system. This study explains the design & manufacturing project calculations and drawings   prepared for the Kitchen Hood to be placed in the dining hall of Iğdır University Medico Social Building. The engineering calculations of the project and the general project design have been made by Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS and the project technical drawings have been realized by the by first and second year students who study at Division of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Department of Automotive Technology, at Vocational School of Higher Education for Technical Sciences of Iğdır University, Turkey, under the supervision, management, control and approval of Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS. The engineering calculations have been done manually and a specific drawing software and design program were used for 3D modeling and technical drawings. The kitchen hood is designed to be manufactured in two pieces. These pieces will be assembled on-site.

AISI 304 Quality Stainless Steel Sheet will be used as the body material of the kitchen hood. The wall thickness of the plate material is 1mm.  The total Stainless-Steel Sheet material to be used is 30 m² in surface area and 240 kg in weight. The Ceiling Connection Detail: To be fixed to the ceiling with dowels. An axial aspirator having a suction capacity of 40.000 m³/h will be used. The electric motor will be frequency-controlled to allow precise suction flow adjustment.

Under the advisory of Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner ELMAS, the 1^st year and the 2^nd year students of the Automotive Technology Program of Iğdır University have made their physical measurements at the dining hall in the Medico Social Building and then created the technical drawings based on these measurements in a 3D modeling computer software program for the kitchen hood.

In addition to the fact that it is important for our Automotive Technology students to work on such a project for their own academic development, it is obviously very clear that this project is a very useful practice project for those students and will contribute greatly to their scientific and technical achievements [1-23].

1. Emin Taner Elmas (2020) “ELMAS’s Theory of Thermodynamics”: A Scientific Approach for 5th Law of Thermodynamics -A Theoretical Application Example for Medical Thermodynamics. Op Acc J Bio Sci & Res 1.
2. Fevzi Daş, Emin Taner Elmas, İhsan Ömür Bucak (2024) Book Chapter: Innovative Use of Machine Learning-Aided Virtual Reality and Natural Language Processing Technologies in Dyslexia Diagnosis and Treatment Phases. Digital Frontiers - Healthcare, Education, and Society in the Metaverse Era.
3. Emin Taner ELMAS (2024) Project for “Amphibious Mobile Snow Track Ambulance” for Healthcare System. Am J Biomed Sci & Res 22.
4. Emin Taner ELMAS (2024) The first “Olive Seedlings” and “Artichoke Seedlings” Planted in Iğdır Province, Turkey. Am J Biomed Sci & Res 22.
5. Emin Taner ELMAS (2023) Prototype Desıgn, Productıon and Functıonıng of a Portable (Movable), Home-Type (Domestıcal) Hemodıalysıs Machıne (Unıt) Global J Res Med Sci 3: 11-2.
6. Elmas Emin Taner (2019) Thermodynamical Balance Associated with Energy Transfer Analysis of the Universe Space as a Pressure Vessel Analogy. J App Scien: RD-APS-10002.
7. Elmas Emin Taner (2017) Productivity and Organizational Management (The Book) (Chapter 7): Prospective Characteristics of Contemporary Engineer (By the Approach of Mechanical Engineering) Contribution and Role of the Mechanical Engineer to the Organization Management and Productivity. Machado Carolina, Davim J Paulo (Eds.), DEGRUYTER, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin / Boston, Spain.
8. Elmas Emin Taner (2017) Prospective Characteristics of Contemporary Engineer (By the Approach of Mechanical Engineering) Contribution and Role of the Mechanical Engineer to the Organization Management and Productivity). DeGruyter, Germany
9. Emin Taner Elmas (2024) A Review for Combined Cycle Power Plants. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 58.
10. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024) Dimensional Unit Analysis Applications for Heat Pipe Design. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 12-26.
11. https://www.tesisat.org/mutfak-havalandirma-elemanlari.html
12. https://www.tesisat.org/davlumbaz-hesabi-ve-mutfak-havalandirmasi-tasarimi.html
13. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024) Calculation of the Filling Amount of Working Fluid to be Placed in a Heat Pipe. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 100-8.
14. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024) Providing Fully Developed Flow for Waste Exhaust Gas at the Inlet Region of a Heat Pipe Air Recuperator. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 118-24.
15. Emin Taner E (2023) Thermodynamical And Experimental Analysis of Design Parameters of a Heat Pipe Air Recuperator. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 3: 6-33.
16. Emin T E (2023) Design, Production, Installation, Commissioning, Energy Management and Project Management of an Energy Park Plant Consisting of Renewable Energy Systems Established at Igdir University. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 3: 67-82.
17. Emin Taner ELMAS (2024) The Electrical Energy Production Possibility Research Study by using the Geothermal Hot Water Resources, which is a a kind of Renewable Energy Resource, located at the Region of Mollakara Village which is a part of Diyadin Town and City of Ağrı, Turkey. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 90-101.
18. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024). Energy Analysis, Energy Survey, Energy Efficiency and Energy Management Research carried out at Iğdır University. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 12-30.
19. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024). A Research Study of Salt Dome (Salt Cave) Usage Possibility for CAES – Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 128-31.
20. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024). Wankel Rotary Piston Engine Design Project. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 1-4.
21. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024). An innovative solar dish type collector – concentrator system having an original – unique geometrical mathematical model called as DODECAGON which has 12 equal segments. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 31-8.
22. ELMAS Emin Taner (2024) Presentation and Curriculum of Division of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies & Department of Automotive Technology at Vocational School of Higher Education for Technical Sciences at Iğdır University, Turkey. Global J Res Eng Comput Sci 4: 60-7.
23. Elmas Emin Taner (2014) Çağımızın Mühendisinden Beklenenler, Gece Kitaplığı.