Journal of Material Science and Nanotechnology

ET Elmas (2025) Fundamental Scientific and Technical Issues related with the “Hip Replacement Design and Biomechanical Analysis”.

This article explains the fundamental scientific and technical issues related with the “Hip Replacement Design and Biomechanical Analysis”. The study has been realized within the scope of a Ph.D. lesson which is lectured by Asst. Prof. Dr. Emin Taner DIAMOND. The name of this Ph.D. lesson is “Medical Engineering and Advanced Biomechanics” and taught at the Major Science Department of Bioengineering and Bio-Sciences at Igdir University, Turkey. Muhammet Ali CINIBULAK is a Ph.D. student and he is one of the students taking this course. This article has been prepared within the scope of this Ph.D. lecture, as a part of the final exam project of Muhammet Ali CINIBULAK [51-55].

      “Medical Technology” and “Biomechanics” come together to form “Medical Engineering”; it can be described as the result of interdisciplinary studies conducted by medicine, engineering and natural sciences in a common field and used comparatively and applying this to all kinds of living and non-living entities or objects. This field of application includes all medical diagnosis and treatment methods as well as medical devices, machines, equipment, consumables, drugs, prosthetics and orthoses. Based on these statements, it should not be difficult to say that biomechanics is a set of applications that encompass medicine, engineering and natural sciences and that these departments have concluded through interdisciplinary studies. If we need to give a few examples to make these aspects a little more understandable; studies such as tissue engineering, DNA, neural implants, prosthetics, implants, limbs, stents and artificial organs can be mentioned.

        Scientific studies consist of two basic parts: philosophy of nature and instrumentalism. When we look at term pairs such as science technology, research and development, basic research and applied research, invention and innovation, laboratory and workshop, hypothesis and fact, thought and sensation, mind and body, mind and brain, meaning and matter, law and management, and the invisible and visible, we can easily notice the structure. The first of these terms is established for the purpose of striving for understanding and the second for the purpose of developing technology. The primary terms are about taking care of people's existence, while the second is about technological developments that will strengthen our control mechanism. While the terms related to nature are abstract concepts, the terms related to instrumentality are aimed at scientifically criticizing the concrete observational world, investigating what is and how it is, and drawing a conclusion from this. In this sense, biomechanics has an important place in terms of ruling both of these areas. Biomechanics is a basic field that should be applied to find an easy solution to the organ losses or limb losses experienced today by copying the physiology and anatomy of living beings, in short, the working methods of their bodies in the most efficient way and even taking it further. In addition, we should apply to biomechanics to work on new machines to be developed or machines that have already been found but need to be developed further, to replace life-limiting objects such as limbs and organs that have been lost more easily and perhaps to provide a better replacement, to ensure a more advanced life. Biomechanics can be considered a field of study that falls under the higher level of biomedicine. Biomedical engineering works in areas such as biotechnology, biomaterials, biomedical tools, physiology modeling, biomechanics, medical informatics, clinical engineering and ergonomics. All of these mentioned fields should work in harmony with each other so that a concrete contribution can be made to human and living health.

This study examines the basic scientific and technical issues in the design of Hip Replacements. Medical Technology and Biomechanics are disciplines that aim to understand the structure, functions and movements of the human body and to improve the quality of life of people by combining this information with engineering solutions. Biomechanical engineering examines the interactions between physical and biological sciences, thus designing medical devices and prosthetics by modeling the structural integrity, force dynamics and movement capabilities of the human body. Studies in this field aim to produce solutions that best mimic the natural functions of the human body and adapt to the biological structure. As a result, biomechanical devices developed through the combination of medicine and engineering help individuals regain the functions they have lost.

For many people, artificial limbs are devices that replace a lost organ or limb. The purpose of artificial limbs is to replace the lost limb and enable the individual to perform functions in daily life and to improve their quality of life, and Hip Replacement has an important place in this regard. [1-7, 51-55].

Method, Findings and Discussion

Biotechnology; In addition to the fields of medicine, genetics, microbiology, biochemistry, it is a sub-unit of biomedical science that works in partnership with the fields of electrical, mechanical, mechatronics and computer engineering. Biomaterials; It is a sub-unit that works to develop or develop the functions of the living tissues of the human body. Scientists also work on a crucial field such as biocompatibility, which is the most fundamental sub-unit for the body to be able to carry out these desired processes; whether it is an artificial limb, an artificial organ, or more advanced events or just auxiliary materials, it is a sub-unit that works to ensure that the body does not perceive this substance as a foreign substance but as a part of the body and that the body does not declare war on this part. And even the best substances or limbs developed without its help will be excluded by the body after being mounted on the body and rendered dysfunctional, so whatever is done must first be biocompatible. This is also very important for the life of the living being. Biomedical tools; These are materials that we encounter everywhere and at all times in life, both in emergency situations and in normal times, used for diagnosis, treatment or prevention. These materials have emerged as a result of years of effort and, most importantly, interdisciplinary research and development among these fields. These devices can analyze samples, perform imaging, collect data and compare it with previous data to make predictions about possible future events, and help establish the link between diagnosis and treatment, which is the most needed event in medical terms. For example; They form the basis of many materials and devices such as MRI (magnetic resonance), dialysis devices, X-rays, ultrasound, ECG (electrocardiography), EMG (electromyography), blood sugar measuring devices, orthoses, prosthetics, plates.

Physiological modeling; is the process carried out to understand complex and complicated biological systems, to derive results from them and optimize them, to be able to perform applications more frequently and more accurately in research, medical imaging, drug production or drug residue removal, and clinical applications, thanks to the interdisciplinary work of engineering, medicine and mathematics, to be able to work on that model as if working on a live human being in the desired area and the desired material, and thus to obtain more accurate results, and while doing this, as we have mentioned before, to identify their deficiencies and to provide developments in these areas by using the tools that emerged from interdisciplinary studies.

    Medical informatics is a sub-unit that works in the fields of using information and computer systems in the field of medicine or education, creating this information, collecting it, making comparisons, drawing conclusions from these comparisons and examining them in a comparative manner in harmony with each other, like a kind of artificial intelligence. The field of forensic medicine, which we can also consider as the intersection of medicine and law, deals with the risks created by using areas such as blood and tissue analysis samples, DNA analysis, poison, i.e. toxicology tests and other laboratory studies, the types of diagnoses made, their treatments if any, or the causes of death if they did not occur, or how, in what way or when this death is estimated to have occurred.                                                                                                     

Clinical engineering; is a sub-unit that tries to create a better order by comparing all kinds of medical imaging, diagnostic imaging, treatment methods and selecting the most suitable and most efficient ones in order to create a smooth order including the disruptions that may occur in the health system and to apply this order everywhere. While doing this, of course, it is also used to a great extent by using devices, artificial organs, artificial limbs and similar tools and equipment made by using interdisciplinary fields and it plays a role in revealing the good aspects or deficiencies that occur as a result of this utilization, thus inspiring and helping biomechanics that work to correct the deficiencies, develop them further and prevent the good aspects from being damaged. Ergonomics; First of all, let's look at what this word means by separating its structures. It is formed by combining the words ergon (work study) and nomos (law). This study is the evaluation of the human being in terms of his anatomical, physiological, psychological and spiritual characteristics and while doing this, it is to achieve it at the highest level by getting help from both machines and the environment. While doing this, it is necessary to know the relationship with the environment, the foundations of this relationship, how to research it, how to develop existing applications and how it can only be brought to the highest level by focusing on such facts. By doing such research, the field of ergonomics has also managed to become a sub-unit of biomedicine. There are various branches that make up biomechanics and these have their own sub-units. These are sub-branches such as anatomy, anthropometry, orthopedics, mechanical physics, sports biomechanics, physiology, physical therapy.

Anatomy; It determines the shapes and shape features of the organs of the body, which can be internal or external, and is a sub-unit that deals with the field of determining these shapes and the related working methods in physiology.

Orthopedics is a sub-unit that works to correct problems related to the musculoskeletal system, which includes structures such as muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, that is, fractures, dislocations, cracks, or problems resulting from deformation or disease. In addition, it also helps branches such as physical therapy in order to live a more prosperous life during the injury, trauma, related diagnosis, treatment and recovery process.

Anthropometry is a field of study derived from the Greek words antro (human) and metricos (measurement) and is a sub-unit that covers almost every measurable object related to the human body. It is a unit that works especially on artificial organs and artificial limbs, which are emphasized in biomechanics, and to measure these limbs from every aspect in order to make them more durable and have a longer life.                                                                      

Physics; The basic field that forms biomechanics is the field of physics. It is a branch of science that has created unchanging legalized facts by examining the universe and the laws that form everything in this universe. Thanks to these laws, we can easily compare an internal combustion engine with a heart, or when calculating how much the chemical energy in a thermal power plant can reveal the facts in its conversion into physical energy or its efficiency, it allows us to make an interdisciplinary comparison about these by looking at a heart or an arm or a leg comparatively, and thus, it has been the field of physics that has made us progress in the field of artificial organs and limbs that we have focused on, and even in places where we said it would never happen. Therefore, these laws should be pursued more and almost everyone in life should be provided with more information about these laws, and thus a higher quality and more livable life will be created.

Sports biomechanics; as a sub-unit of biomechanics, it enables studies to be conducted on optimizing the movements of people who do sports by gaining functionality together with sports and how these movements can be performed more efficiently and healthily, and it is also a unit that allows progress in this field by emphasizing how sports is a structure intertwined with physics, medicine and engineering, in addition to focusing only on these aspects of the person who does sports. In this regard, the importance of prostheses, which are special structures used by athletes, such as disabled athletes, is also determined, and considering that the construction of such limbs is exposed to much more difficulties than those encountered in daily life, it is revealed how meticulously and scientifically it is a limb that needs to be developed with an interdisciplinary approach.              

Physical therapy rehabilitation; It is a sub-unit that works to restore the lost function in cases of health problems, injuries, disabilities, etc., which can be any section of the musculoskeletal system, or to accelerate the healing process or to create a more developed muscle or skeletal structure. In addition, it is an event that is created by the individual in order to gain balance, reduce pain, and overcome trauma not only mentally but also physically, by doing exercises, electrotherapy, hot and cold therapy, ultrasound, traction, manipulation, chiropractic and massage in the most appropriate way for the individual or by including auxiliary machines in this way and by working in an interdisciplinary manner with physical therapy and other departments.

Mechanics; is another sub-unit of biomechanics. At this point, mechanical applications can be divided into three sections as fluid mechanics, solid body mechanics, and deformable solid mechanics. Mechanics; can be defined as the branch of science in which studies aimed at explaining the cause-effect relationships of the behaviors of objects with mathematical models, equations and calculation approaches in accordance with the laws of physics, and analyzing their properties such as speed-acceleration, force-moment, linear-angular momentum, kinetic-potential energy transformations are carried out under two main headings as static and dynamic. Statics is the branch of mechanics in which the situations in which objects are stationary and motionless are examined, and the speed, acceleration, sum of forces and sum of moments of forces with respect to a point are considered as zero. Dynamics is the branch of mechanics in which the causes and effects of movement are examined in cases where objects are in motion. In dynamics, the speed, acceleration, sum of forces and sum of moments of forces with respect to a point are different from zero. The sum of forces is considered as the product of mass and acceleration, and the sum of moments is considered as the product of moment of inertia and angular acceleration. In dynamics, the section where the position, velocity and acceleration properties of motion are examined is categorized as kinematics; the section where the force and moment properties are examined is categorized as kinetics [1].

Resistance: There are questions that need to be looked at in terms of the strength of objects. Knowing at what load limit a material will become plastic or at what stress value it can withstand and at what limit it will break should be known as the first and most important of these questions. These questions are very important for structures and any machine because doing work without knowing the limits can be very dangerous, for example, if a steel coil is worked on without knowing its strength and if the steel coil is opened unintentionally due to incorrect applications, it can cut anything that is put in front of it like a razor, so these questions should be given great importance. Let's explain how we will approach this task while understanding how dangerous these tensile stresses and pressures are. Modeling is vital for this. In other words, since it would be very difficult and dangerous to do these tests on a 10-ton steel coil, it is necessary to do these processes with smaller models. For example, we should try the reactions of steel to tension, tension, torsion and pressure in the smallest way in simple logical machines and by looking at the results of these, we should apply them to large materials and also in this way we can understand when the composition of the materials that look the same from the outside is different and thus the prices of the materials also differ and as a result of these experiments, we are prevented from paying more than we should for a worthless structure [2].

Material selection: Recently, organic tissues have been actively used in the field of biomechanics and many models have been developed based on the stress data found in intra- and extra-organ experiments. In this way, many properties are known about biological materials; infinite energy in zero volume, high non-linear stress-strain relationship, anisotropy [3].

Material selection for active orthotic support system: The orthosis system must be able to carry the upcoming weights, distribute them and thus be more durable. For this, help is received from interdisciplinary sciences, as a result of this help, certain materials are determined and prototypes are created in this way and the most correct one is selected. Along with this durability, one of the most important things is being light. For this lightness, materials with high strength but low density should be selected so that it can be strong but light. The active orthosis support system has waist, thigh, calf and foot sections and the type of material used in these sections is polyethylene, which consists of polymers that are included in the thermoplastic group. The reason we chose this material, polyethylene, is the issue of strength and density, as we mentioned above, polyethylene is a material with both good strength and low density, in other words, it is both strong and light, that is why the orthosis material we want is polyethylene. And also, the fact that it has a low coefficient of friction and a slippery surface confirms the correctness of the selected material [4].

        Studies have been carried out and continue to be carried out to reduce the pressure that occurs when the foot touches the ground. Because pressure is a situation that can cause the most terrible reasons and in order for the materials not to harm both themselves and the body, the pressure should be brought under control and reduced to the lowest level. This is where the insole used with shoes and orthotics comes into play, it should both be compatible with the two and have an ergonomic design. In addition to these, other materials can be placed on the insole and these materials should match the data we have in terms of criteria such as strength and lightness. For this, the weight of the individual should include all the features together, including information such as daily or instant activity changes if they are athletes, foot models and functions, and the material selection should be made in this way [5].

Kinematics: In the field of biomechanics, it is taken into consideration how movements are controlled and how the carrier elements that carry these forces during movement are affected by these changes. In addition, it is also taken into account how both the machine and the person's limb are affected by these changes. And thanks to this information, the deficiencies can be better determined and by working on these aspects, the deficiencies can be eliminated or a better material can be obtained by developing them.The chair sit-on-chair movement (SOH), although it seems like a very simple part of life, is actually a chain of extremely complex movements. The basis of the chair sit-on-chair analysis is kinematic and kinetic analysis. In the chair sit-on-chair analysis, the angular displacements and velocities of the limbs are evaluated as kinematic analysis, and joint forces, moments, energy and power are evaluated as kinetic analysis. With this study, we see how difficult it is to analyze even a movement that we do many times in daily life and that seems very simple, and the importance of having interdisciplinary knowledge for this, and thus we see that all of the subunits we have explained in the upper sections must work in an orderly manner and progress in an orderly flow. Based on this data, it has been revealed how much difficulty the limbs in the lower extremities are exposed to, so we need to know that it also leads to orientations. Therefore, the weight and pressure applied should be minimized and the material used should be both durable, light and slippery, and thus have a low coefficient of friction, which will cause less damage to the tissue it comes into contact with, thus ensuring a longer life and also causing less damage to the body itself [6].

        The prosthetic leg placed on the hip simulator hardware, the prosthetic foot, the treadmill on which the walking movement is performed and a computer for the software and control constitute the final elements of the design. In further studies, the system, which is important in mechanics and biomechanics, will be transformed into a closed system with speed and torque control. Thus, the motors that produce the oscillation movement and up-down movement will be provided to work together simultaneously. After the simultaneous working method is provided, it will be realized with direct solution mechanisms and image-transferrable or image-based mechanisms and the performance of the walking movement formed compared to the natural gait will be analyzed precisely and in this way, the accuracy and deficiencies of the system will be revealed and thus, a more suitable and efficient system will emerge with the completion of the remaining deficiencies [7].

Clinical Relevance:

In terms of “Clinical Interest”, it is possible to say that diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis that damage the hip joint may require hip prosthesis. In addition, hip fractures, cracks and various hip injuries are also diseases that require hip prosthesis [50].

Another important factor to consider in hip prosthesis design is material selection. Energy efficiency and force balance are vital for the proper functioning of prostheses. At this point, the correct transfer of movement and minimizing energy losses will increase the efficiency of the design. In addition, thermal management and material durability are also important factors in order to prevent the hip prosthesis from being affected by external factors (such as temperature and humidity).

Biomechanical analysis aims to integrate all the necessary engineering disciplines in each phase of the design of the prosthetic hip. This includes fields such as material engineering, mechanical engineering, thermodynamics, energy management, force balance. In this study, the biomechanical analysis of the design should be performed in terms of each engineering discipline and whether the prosthetic hip offers a functional, durable and easy-to-use solution should be evaluated. At the same time, this analysis should also reveal the necessary improvements to make the design more efficient, safe and sustainable.

In future projects, it will be possible to develop more advanced and functional systems built on this foundation. This project once again proves how the combination of engineering and biomechanics disciplines offers an opportunity for innovative solutions in health technologies [51-55].

Conclusion

This article explains the basic scientific and technical facts about “Hip Replacement Design and Biomechanical Analysis”. The study in question was carried out within the scope of a doctoral course given by Dr. Lecturer Emin Taner ELMAS. The name of this doctoral course is “Medical Engineering and Advanced Biomechanics” and it is given in Iğdır University “Bioengineering and Sciences Department”. Muhammet Ali ÇİNİBULAK is a student of this doctoral course and this article is within the scope of his work carried out within the scope of his final exam project [1-55].

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